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Biology Timeline
Abbreviations in NCERT Biology - Class 12
1. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
- PMC: Pollen Mother Cell
- MMC: Megaspore Mother Cell
- PEN: Primary Endosperm Nucleus
- PEC: Primary Endosperm Cell
2. Human Reproduction
- GnRH: Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone
- FSH: Follicle Stimulating Hormone
- LH: Luteinizing Hormone
- hCG: Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
- hPL: Human Placental Lactogen
3. Reproductive Health
- WHO: World Health Organisation
- RCH: Reproductive and Child Health Care
- MMR: Maternal Mortality Rate
- IMR: Infant Mortality Rate
- STD: Sexually Transmitted Diseases
- STIs: Sexually Transmitted Infections
- VD: Venereal Diseases
- RTI: Reproductive Tract Infections
- CDRI: Central Drug Research Institute
- IUDs: Intra Uterine Devices
- MTP: Medical Termination of Pregnancy
- ART: Assisted Reproductive Technologies
- IVF: In Vitro Fertilization
- ET: Embryo Transfer
- ZIFT: Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer
- IUT: Intra Uterine Transfer
- GIFT: Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer
- ICSI: Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection
- AI: Artificial Insemination
- IUI: Intra-Uterine Insemination
4. Principles of Inheritance and Variation
- F1, F2: Filial 1 progeny, Filial 2 progeny
5. Molecular Basis of Inheritance
- DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid
- RNA: Ribonucleic Acid
- bp: Base Pairs
- EM: Electron Microscope
- NHC: Non-Histone Chromosomal Proteins
- mRNA: Messenger RNA
- tRNA: Transfer RNA
- rRNA: Ribosomal RNA
- snRNAs: Small Nuclear RNAs
- hnRNA: Heterogeneous Nuclear RNA
- mGppp: Methyl Guanosine Triphosphate
- sRNA: Soluble RNA
- UTR: Untranslated Regions
- β-gal: Beta-Galactosidase
- HGP: Human Genome Project
- ELSI: Ethical, Legal, And Social Issues
- ESTs: Expressed Sequence Tags
- BAC: Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes
- YAC: Yeast Artificial Chromosomes
- SNPs: Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
- VNTR: Variable Number of Tandem Repeats
6. Human Health and Diseases
- PMNL: Polymorpho-Nuclear Leukocytes
- CMI: Cell-Mediated Immune Response
- MALT: Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue
- AIDS: Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
- HIV: Human Immuno Deficiency Virus
- ELISA: Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay
- NACO: National Aids Control Organisation
- NGOs: Non-Governmental Organisation
- C-onc: Cellular Oncogenes
- CT: Computed Tomography
- MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
7. Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
- MOET: Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology
- SCP: Single Cell Protein
- IRRI: International Rice Research Institute
8. Microbes in Human Welfare
- LAB: Lactic Acid Bacteria
- BOD: Biochemical Oxygen Demand
- STPs: Sewage Treatment Plants
- IARI: Indian Agricultural Research Institute
- KVIC: Khadi And Village Industries Commission
- Bt: Bacillus Thuringiensis
- IPM: Integrated Pest Management
9. Biotechnology - Principles and Processes
- EFB: European Federation of Biotechnology
- PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction
- ori: Origin of Replication
- Ti plasmid: Tumor Inducing Plasmid
10. Biotechnology - Applications
- RNAi: RNA interference
- GMO: Genetically Modified Organism
- Bt: Bacillus thuringiensis
- ADA: Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency
- cDNA: Complementary DNA
- GEAC: Genetic Engineering Approval Committee
11. Ecosystem
- GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
- NPP: Net Primary Productivity
- GFC: Grazing Food Chain
- DFC: Detritus Food Chain
12. Biodiversity and Conservation
- IUCN: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
13. Environmental Issues
- CPCB: Central Pollution Control Board
- DU: Dobson Unit
- CFCs: Chlorofluorocarbons
- JFM: Joint Forest Management
